Incidents of Comets and meteors in Medieval Islam
With concurrences from the Anglo Saxon
Chronicles

The appearance of comets
and meteors in the medieval world were of high significance. They were
associated with good or bad omens and people, lay and learned, attempted to
relate their appearance to natural and man made catastrophes. Many historians
recorded the appearance of these heavenly bodies. I have compiled as many incidents
as I could find to make it easy to view the events at a glance. Along with the translation of each of the entries for those who do not read Arabic, I
have placed a column that contains the type of event that happened in a specific
year "C" for Comet, and "M" for meteor. Where there
is a number before the letter "2C" it means that two Comets appeared
in a given year. Note that the meteors that these historians mention are of
significant size and not the small meteors that people would have been used to
seeing on a nightly basis.
Islamic and medieval coinage of a certain era included a lot of astronomical and astrological
symbols. This page as well as others on this site, may help the researcher
understand the significance of these symbols in given years when significant
astronomical events took place.
Event |
Year AD |
Year AH |
Comet/meteor |
Event |
During his stay a heavenly body fell in three less
the end of Shwwal (10) at dawn and it's effect stayed until the sun was up
(IA) |
27/08/743 |
158 |
M |
فانقض في
مقامه هنالك كوكبٌ
لثلاث بقين
من شوال بعد
إضاءة الفجر
فبقي أثره
بينًا إلى
طلوع الشمس |
And in this year a comet appeared to the
left (south-east) of the qubla and stayed visible for 40 nights. At first it appeared
in due west and then moved due East. It was very long and people were
horrified and overwhelmed (IA) |
836-837 |
222 |
C |
وفيها
ظهر عن يسار
القبلة كوكب
فبقي يرى
نحوًا من
أربعين ليلة
وله شبه
الذنب وكان
أول ما طلع
نحوالمغرب
ثم رثي بعد
ذلك
نحوالمشرق
وكان طويلًا
جدا فهال
الناس ذلك
وعظم عليهم. |
IJ |
|
237 |
C |
طلع شيء
مستطيل من
ناحية
المغرب دقيق
الطرفين،
عريض الوسط،
من بعد وقت
المغرب إلى
وقت العشاء،
ليس بكوكب
الذنب، ولا
بضوء كوكب
أبيض، فلم
يزل يطلع في
ذلك الوقت
خمس ليال |
A comet appeared with a long spread tail
and this tail became more tight (IA)
*And the same year after Easter, about the gang-days or
before, appeared the star that men in book-Latin call "cometa":
some men say that in English it may be termed "hairy star";
for that there standeth off from it a long gleam of light, whilom on one
side, whilom on each. (ASC) |
891-892* |
278 |
C |
وفيها
ظهر كوكب
ذو جمة وصارت
الجمة ذؤابة.
وطلع
لليلتين
بقيتا من
المحرم كوكب
ذو جمة، ثم
صارت الجمة
ذؤابة
IJ
|
In this year in 20 May, a comet appeared
with a great tail in Aquarius. (IA)
*... and a comet appeared
on the thirteenths day before the calends of November (ASC)
|
20/05/905* |
292 |
C |
وفيها في
العشرين من
أيار طلع كوكب
له ذنب عظيم
جدًا في برج
الجوزاء. |
IJ |
|
294 |
|
وفي هذه
السنة طلع
كوكب الذنب
من ناحية
المغرب |
IJ |
|
303 |
|
وفي ليلة
الجمعة
لثمان بقين
من رمضان
انفض كوكب
عظيم وبقي
ضوؤه ساعة
كالمقباس |
In this year a great heavenly body fell from the
sky. It's light became strong and it broke into three. As it fell, a
sound like heavy thunder was heard, but there wasn't a cloud in the sky.
(IA)
(+ IJ) |
919-920 |
307 |
M |
وفيها
انقضّ كوكب
عظيم فاشتدّ
ضوءُه وعظم
وتفرّق ثلاث
فرق وسمع عند
انقضاضه مثل
صوت الرعد
الشديد ولم
يكن في
السماء غيم. |
In Jumada II (6) a great comet fell in the
east in the sign of Virgo and it was two yards
long (IA)
(+ IJ) |
08/922 |
310 |
C/M |
وفيها في
جُمادى
الآخرة انقضّ
كوكب
عظيم له ذنب
في المشرق في
برج السنبلة
طوله نحو
ذراعَينْ. |
In this year a great heavenly body fell around
evening. It had a sound like heavy thunder and a strong light that lit
the world. (IA)
(+ IJ) |
925-926 |
313 |
M |
وفيها
انقضّ كوكب
كبير وقت
المغرب له
صوت مثل
الرعد
الشديد وضوء
عظيم أضاءت
له الدنيا. |
In this year in Rabi' I (3)a heavenly body
fell and it had a very strong sound two hours before the end of the day.
(IA)
(+ IJ) |
05/927 |
315 |
M |
وفيها في
ربيع الأوّل
انقضّ كوكب
عظيم وصار له
صوت شديد على
ساعتين
بقيتا من
النهار. |
In this year at the end of Dhu al-Qa'da
(11) a great heavenly body fell and it had a great light (IA) |
03/01/930 |
317 |
M |
وفيها
آخر ذي
القعدة انقضّ
كوكب
عظيم وصار له
ضوء عظيم
جدًّا. |
In this year in Muharram (1) a great comet
with a huge tail appeared at the beginning of Sagittarius and the end of
Scorpio in the north west. Its head was in the west and its tail was in
the east. The tail was huge and spread out. It stayed visible for
thirteen days and then disappeared (IA)
(+ IJ) |
09/941 |
330 |
C |
وفيها
ظهر كوكب
في المحرم
بذنب عظيم في
أول برج
القوس وآخر
برج العقرب
بين الغرب
والشمال
وكان رأسه في
المغرب
وذنبه في
المشرق وكان
عظيمًا
منتشر الذنب
وبقي ظاهرًا
ثلاثة عشر
يومًا وسار
في القوس
والجدي ثم
اضمحل. |
In Safar (2) of this year a comet appeared with a
tail of about two yards in the east. It stayed visible for ten days and
then disappeared (IA)
(+ IJ) |
08/947 |
336 |
C |
في هذه
السنة في صفر
ظهر كوكب
له ذنب طوله
نحو ذراعين
في المشرق
وبقي نحو
عشرة أيام
واضمحل. |
IJ |
|
359 |
|
وفي ذي
الحجة: انقض
كوكب عظيم في
أول الليل له
شعاع أضاءت
منه الدنيا
حتى صار كأنه
شعاع الشمس،
وسمع بعد
انقضاضه صوت
كالرعد
الشديد |
In Safar (2) of this year a great heavenly body
with a brilliant light fell. When it fell a sound like thunder was heard
and its light remained (IA)
(+ IJ) |
11/971 |
361 |
M |
في هذه
السنة في صفر
انقض كوكب
عظيم وله نور
كثير وسمع له
عند انقضاضه
صوت كالرعد
وبقي ضوءه. |
In this year in Africa a great comet
appeared from the east. It had a tail and great light and it stayed for
a month and then disappeared (IA)
(+ IJ)
*(...and then soon, in the same
year, during harvest, appeared "cometa" the star (ASC)
|
974-975* |
364 |
C |
وفيها
ظهر
بإفريقية كوكب
عظيم من جهة
المشرق وله
ذؤابة وضوء
عظيم فبقي
يطلع كذلك
نحوًا من شهر
ثم غاب فلم
ير |
In Rabi' I (3) of this year a great heavenly body
fell. The whole world was lit by it and it had a sound like heavy
thunder (IA)
(+ IJ) |
08/983 |
373 |
M |
وفيها في
ربيع الأول
انقض كوكب
عظيم أضاءت
له الدنيا
وسمع له مثل
دوي الرعد
الشديد. |
On the tenth of Rabi' I (3) of this
year a great heavenly body fell at dawn (IA)
(+ IJ) |
27/06/999 |
389 |
M |
في هذه
السنة عاشر
ربيع الأول
انقض كوكب
عظيم ضحوة
نهار. |
In Ramadan (9) of this year a comet
appeared and it had a tail and in Dhu al-Qa'da (11) a large heavenly body
fell as well (IA)
(+ IJ but 392 and more details)
|
07/1003 (2)
09/1003 (2) |
393 (2) |
CM |
في هذه
السنة في
رمضان طلع كوكب
كبير له
ذؤابة وفي ذي
القعدة انقض كوكب
كبير أيضًا
وفي ليلة
الإثنين
ثالث ذي
القعدة انقض
كوكب كضوء
القمر ليلة
التمام،
ومضى الضياء
وبقي جرمه
يتموج نحو
ذراعين في
ذراع برأي
العين،
وتشقق بعد
ساعة.
|
In Sha'ban (8) of this year a heavenly body that
looked like a flower appeared to the west. It had a bright light like
that of the moon on earth. It remained until the middle of Dhu al-Qa'da
(11) and then disappeared
+IJ |
05/1006 |
396 |
C |
وفيها
مستهل شعبان
طلع كوكب
كبير يشبه
الزهرة عن
يسرة قبلة
العراق له
شعاع على
الأرض كشعاع
القمر وبقي
إلى منتصف ذي
القعدة وغاب. |
IJ |
|
399 |
|
انقض في
وقت المغرب
من يوم
الأربعاء
مستهل رجب
كوكب عظيم
الضوء وتقطع
ثلاث قطع
أخذت كل قطعة
جانباً. |
In this year a large heavenly body fell
the like of which was never seen
+IJ |
1010-1011 |
401 |
M |
وفيها
انقض كوكب
كبير لم ير
أكبر منه. |
IJ |
|
403 |
|
وفي ليلة
الأربعاء
لثلاث بقين
من صفر وقت
العشاء انقض
كوكب كبير
الجرم عن
يمنة القبلة،
وملأ الأرض
ضوؤه
واستعظم
الناس ما
رأوه منه |
In Rajab (7) a heavenly body fell which lit up
the earth and had a thunderous sound. This heavenly body broke into four
pieces. This was followed two nights later by another and then another
larger one with more light |
11/1019 |
410
(IJ 419) |
3M |
وفيها
انقطع كوكب
عظيم في رجب
أضاءت منه
الأرض وسمع
له صوت عظيم
كالرعد
وتقطع أربع
قطع وانقض
بعده
بليلتين كوكب
آخر دونه
وانقض
بعدهما كوكب
أكبر منهما
وأكثر ضوءًا. |
In Ramadan (9) of this year a heavenly body
fell which had a great sound and which shook the whole earth
+IJ |
10/1026 |
417 |
M |
وفيها
انقض كوكب
عظيم
استنارت له
الأرض فسمع
له دوي عظيم
كان ذلك في
رمضان. |
A heavenly body fell in Dhu al-Qa'da
(11) of
this year. Two nights later a comet appeared very close to the earth and
its light dwarfed that of the lamps. It stayed long and then disappeared |
09/1034 |
425
(IJ 423) |
MC |
وفيها في
ذي القعدة
انقض كوكب
هال منظره
الناس وبعد
بليلتين
انقض شهاب
آخر أعظم منه
كأنه البرق
ملاصق الأرض
وغلب على ضوء
المشاعل
ومكث طويلًا
حتى غاب أثره. |
In Rajab (3) of this year a great comet
appeared and it's light was brighter than that of the sun and it was
seen like a dragon eclipsing the sun and then it went away after an hour
+IJ |
05/1036 |
427 |
C |
في هذه
السنة في رجب
انقض كوكب
عظيم غلب
نوره على نور
الشمس وشوهد
في آخرها مثل
التنين يضرب
إلى السواد
وبقي ساعة
وذهب. |
On Wednesday the fourth of Safar (2)
there appeared in the sky of Baghdad a great ?comet? who's light
eclipsed that of the sun. It had a tail of about 2 yards. It passed
slowly and then disappeared while people watched |
19/06/1051 |
443 |
C? |
ظهر
ببغداد يوم
الأربعاء
سابع صفر وقت
العصر كوكب
غلب نوره على
نور الشمس له
ذؤابة نحو
ذراعين وسار
سيرًا
بطيئًا ثم
انقض والناس
يشاهدونه. |
IJ |
|
447 |
|
وفي آخر
نهار يوم
الخميس
لثمان بقين
من ربيع
الآخر: انقض
كوكب كبير
الجرم فتقطع
ثلاث قطع. |
On the third of Jumada I (5) of this
year a great heavenly body fell at dawn from the west to the east and it
stayed visible for some time
+IJ |
04/07/1060 |
452 |
M |
وفيها
ثالث جمادى
الآخرة انقض كوكب
عظيم القدر
عند طلوع
الفجر من
ناحية
المغرب إلى
ناحية
المشرق فطال
لبثه. |
In Rabi' I (4) of this year a great
heavenly body with a strong light fell
+IJ |
04/1063 |
455 |
M |
وفيها في
ربيع الآخر
انقض كوكب
عظيم له ضوء
كثير.
وفي ليلة
الإثنين
لخمس بقين من
ربيع الآخر:
انقض كوكب
كبير كان له
ضوء كبير،
IJ |
In this year a great heavenly body
fell. Its light was stronger than that of the moon and it had a thunderous
sound and then it disappeared |
1063-1064 |
456 |
M |
وفيها
انقض كوكب
عظيم وكثر
نوره فصار
أكثر من نور
القمر وسمع
له دوي عظيم
ثم غاب. |
In this year a great heavenly body
fell. Its light was stronger than that of the moon and it had a
frightening sound
+IJ |
1064-1065 |
457 |
M |
وفيها
انقض كوكب
عظيم وصار له
شعاع كثير
أكثر من شعاع
القمر وسمع
له صوت مفزع. |
in the first tenth of Jumada I (5) if
this year a great comet with a long tail appeared in the east. Its width
was around three yards and it stretched to the middle of the sky. It
stayed until the twenty seventh and then disappeared. Then there
appeared at the end of the same month at sunset a heavenly body with
light that surrounded it like that of the moon. People were frightened.
When the night fell, the heavenly body developed a tail pointing south.
It stayed for ten days and then disappeared
+IJ
*Then was over all England such
a token seen as no man ever saw before. Some men said that it was the
comet-star, which others denominate the long-hair'd star. It appeared
first on the eve called "Litania major", that is, on the
eighth before the calends of May; and so shone all the week
|
8/04/1066* |
458 |
2C |
في العشر
الأول من
جمادى
الأولى ظهر
كوكب كبير له
ذؤابة طويلة
بناحية
المشرق
عرضها نحو
ثلاث أذرع
وهي ممتدة
إلى وسط
السماء وبقي
إلى السابع
والعشرين من
الشهر وغاب
ثم ظهر أيضًا
آخر الشهر
المذكور عند
غروب الشمس
كوكب قد
استدار نوره
عليه كالقمر
فارتاع
الناس
وانزعجوا
ولما أظلم
الليل صار له
ذوائب نحو
الجنوب وبقي
عشرة أيام ثم
اضمحل. |
In Safar (2) of this year a heavenly body
fell from the east to the west. It was the size of the moon and it had
the same light as the moon. It traveled slowly for an hour and we had
never seen a heavenly body like it
+IJ |
05/1085 |
478
(IJ 477) |
M |
في هذه
السنة في صفر
انقض كوكب
من المشرق
إلى المغرب
كان حجمه
كالقمر
وضوءه كضوئه
وسار مدى
بعيدًا على
مهل وتؤدة في
نحو ساعة ولم
يكن له شبيه
من الكواكب. |
In Sha'ban (8) of this year a comet
appeared and it stayed for twenty days and then disappeared
*Then upon the feast of St.
Michael, the fourth day before the nones of October, appeared an
uncommon star, shining in the evening, and soon hastening to set. It was
seen south-west, and the ray that stood off from it was thought very
long, shining south-east. And it appeared on this wise nearly all the
week. Many men supposed that it was a comet.
|
07/1097* |
490 |
C |
وفيها في
شعبان ظهر كوكب
كبير له
ذؤابة وأقام
يطلع عشرين
يومًا ثم غاب
ولم يظهر. |
In Rabi' II (4) of this year a comet
appeared with a tail that looked like a rainbow. It traveled from the
west towards the middle of the sky and it was seen close to the sun by
day. It appeared a few nights and then disappeared |
12/1105 |
499 |
C |
وفيها في
ربيع الآخر
ظهر كوكب
في السماء له
ذؤابة كقوس
قزح آخذة من
المغرب إلى
وسط السماء
وكان يرى
قريبًا من
الشمس قبل
ظهوره ليلًا
وبقي يظهر
عدة ليال ثم
غاب. |
In this year a great comet appeared. It had a
tail and stayed for a few nights and then disappeared |
1107-1108 |
501 |
C |
وفيها
ظهر كوكب
عظيم له
ذوائب فبقي
ليالي كثيرة
ثم غاب. |
on the eighth of Dhu al-Qa'da (11) a
comet appeared from the east with a tail that stretched towards Macca.
It stayed until the end of Dhu al-Hajja (12) and then disappeared |
29/05/1110 |
503 |
C |
وفيها في
ثامن ذي
القعدة ظهر
في السماء كوكب
من الشرق له
ذؤابة ممتدة
إلى القبلة
وبقي يطلع
إلى آخر ذي
الحجة ثم غاب. |
At night in Rabi' II a heavenly body
fell. It had great light and projectiles split from it when it fell and
a sound like an earth quake was heard from it
+IJ |
05/1121 |
515 |
M |
وفيها في
ربيع الآخر
انقض كوكب
عشاء وصار له
نور عظيم
وتفرق منه
أعمدة عند
انقضاضه
وسمع عند ذلك
صوت هدة
عظيمة
كالزلزلة. |
In Shawwal (10) of this year a great
comet appeared with a tail from the east. It stayed until the middle of
Dhu al-Qa'da (11) then it disappeared. Then it reappeared from the west.
Some said it was the same comet and others said it was a different one
+IJ |
03/1145 |
539 |
C/?C? |
وفيها في
شوال ظهر كوكب
عظيم له ذنب
من جانب
المشرق وبقي
إلى نصف ذي
القعدة ثم
غاب ثم طلع
من جانب
الغرب فقيل
هو هو وقيل
بل غيره. |
In this year a great heavenly body
fell. It lit up the earth brightly and had a very strong noise and its remnants
stayed in the sky for around an hour |
1176-1177 |
572 |
M |
وفيها
انقض كوكب
أضاءت له
الأرض إض اءة
كثيرة وسمع
له صوت عظيم
وبقي أثره في
السماء
مقدار ساعة
وذهب. |
In this year two heavenly bodies fell.
That was at dawn. They had great noise and their light was stronger than
that of the moon and daylight |
1193 |
589 |
2M |
وفيها
انقض كوكبان
عظيمان وسمع
صوت هدة
عظيمة وذلك
بعد طاوع
الفجر وغلب
ضوءهما
القمر وضوء
النهار. |
On the twentieth of Sha'ban (8) of this
year a great comet appeared in the east. It had a large and thick tail.
It appeared at twilight and stayed visible for ten days. Then it
appeared at the beginning of the night in the North-west and it was
moving every night towards the south about ten yards a night. It kept
approaching the south until it was in the west. Then it was in the
south-west. It stayed like this until the end of Ramadan (9) then
disappeared. |
27/09/1222 |
619 |
C |
في هذه
السنة في
العشرين من
شعبان ظهر كوكب
في السماء في
الشرق كبير
له ذؤابة
طويلة غليظة
وكان طلوعه
وقت السحر
فبقي كذلك
عشرة أيام ثم
إنه ظهر أول
الليل في
الغرب مما
يلي الشمال
فكان كل ليلة
يتقدم إلى
جهة الجنوب
نحو عشرة
أذرع في رأي
العين فلم
يزل يقرب من
الجنوب حتى
صار غربًا
محضًا ثم صار
غربًا
مائلًا إلى
الجنوب بعد
أن كان غربًا
مما يلي
الشمال فبقي
كذلك إلى آخر
شهر رمضان من
السنة ثم غاب. |
From, Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh.
IJ = Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Muntazam
* Concurs with, and text from The Anglo Saxon Chronicle
Dates in Anglo Saxon chronicle not recorded by Ibn al-Athir = 678, 729, 995.

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